Pain and Orthodontics

Pain physiology

Pain theories

Dual nature of pain

Biology of tooth movement

Perception of pain during fixed orthodontic T/t

Drugs and effects on tooth movement

Pain control in orthodontics

Sustained orthodontic forces does not produce prominent stress related signals

Bioelectric potential – bone which is not being stressed

When low voltage direct current applied to alveolar bone- tooth moves faster

Electromagnetic fields

Conclusion of bioelectric theory